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Chapter 11 Body Fluids and Circulation

 

 

 

Introduction : This system is concerned with the circulation of body fluids to distribute various substances to various body parts.

  Functions of Circulatory System.                                                                                                                    

  • Transport of various substances such as nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, metabolic intermediates (Such as lactic acid from muscle to liver), vitamins hormones etc.
  • Regulation of body pH by means of buffer, body temperature homeostasis, water balance etc.
  • Prevention of disease by means of antibodies and antitoxins.
  • Support or turgidity to certain organs like penis and nipples.

  Types of Circulation.                                                                                                            

Read More» December 29, 2021

Chapter 11 Body Fluids and Circulation

 

 

 

Introduction : This system is concerned with the circulation of body fluids to distribute various substances to various body parts.

  Functions of Circulatory System.                                                                                                                    

  • Transport of various substances such as nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, metabolic intermediates (Such as lactic acid from muscle to liver), vitamins hormones etc.
  • Regulation of body pH by means of buffer, body temperature homeostasis, water balance etc.
  • Prevention of disease by means of antibodies and antitoxins.
  • Support or turgidity to certain organs like penis and nipples.

  Types of Circulation.                                                                                                            

Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 10 Breathing and Exchange of Gases

 

 

 

 

 Introduction.                                                                                                                                                         

Cells continually use oxygen (O2) for the metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules and produce ATP. At the same time, these reactions release carbon dioxide. Since an excessive amount of CO2 produces acidity that is toxic to cells, the excess CO2 must be eliminated quickly and efficiently. The two systems that cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2 are the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. The respiratory system provides for gas exchange, intake of O2 and elimination of CO2, whereas the cardiovascular system transports the gases in the blood between the lungs and body cells. Failure of either system has the same effect on the body: disruption of homeostasis and rapid death of cells from oxygen starvation and buildup of waste products. In addition to functioning in gas exchange, the respiratory system also contains receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds, and helps eliminate wastes.

Respiration : Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells. It takes place in three basic steps :

  1. Pulmonary ventilation : The first process, pulmonary (pulmo = lung) ventilation,

    Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 8 Structural Organisation in Animals Part 2

Structural organization in animals Part 2

 

Blood Cells - Leukocytes

 

Leukocytes (white blood corpuscles or WBC) do not have hemoglobin and hence are colourless. Leucocytes are nucleated cells. They are o two major classes : granulocytes (with cytoplasmic granules) and granulocytes (without granules).

Granulocytes are of three types, viz. neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, each with a lobed nucleus. Agranulocytes are of two types, viz. lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils and monocytes protect the body against microbes by phagocytosis. Lymphocytes produce antibodies in the blood to destroy microbes and their toxins. The number of leucocytes per microlitre (1 l = 1 mm3 = 10-6) of blood is called the Total Count of WBC. It is normally 5000 in humans. It may rise abnormally in acute infections (e.g., pneumonia), inflammations (e.g., appendicitis) and malignancies (e.g., leukemia). In some cases such as folic acid deficiency, the total count falls abnormally (leucopenia). The total count of WBC is also of diagnostic value in some diseases. Monocytes have kidney shaped nucleus. The process by which monocytes and neutrophil squeeze through thin capillary wall is called Diapedesis.

 

Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) Leukocytes (2 types):

 

  1. Granulocytes with granules in cytoplasm

(3 types) on the basis of staining characteristic of cytoplasmic granules and shape of nucleus

  1. Neutrophils (40 - 75%)
  2. Eosinophils (1 - 6%)
  3. Basophils (0 - 1%)

 

  1. Agranulocytes without granules

 

  1. Monocytes (2 - 10%)
  2. Lymphocytes (20 - 45%)

 

  1. Neutrophils: They are maximum in number, stain equally with both basic and acidic dyes and haved many lobed nucleus, granules are in abundance in cytoplasm and help in phagocytosis.

 

    !--> Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals Part 1

Structural organization in Animals Part 1

 

Animal Tissues:-

 

A tissue can be defined as a group of cells similar in structure, origin and function.

 

The word "tissue" was given by a French anatomist and physiologist Bichat (1771-1802). But the the term tissue had already been coined by N. Grew (1682) in reration to plant anatomy.

 

An Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) is "founder of histology". He founded a separate branch for the study of tissues called histology.

 

The term 'histology' was given by a German histologist Mayer (1819). Histology is also known as microscopic anatomy.

Bichat (1771-1802) is considered as "Father of histology".

 

Types of Tissues

 

Depending upon the location and function, animal tissues are categorised into four types

 

 

Type

Origin

Function

1. Epithelial tissue

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Protection, secretion, absorption etc.

2. Connective tissues

Mesoderm

Support, binding, storage

Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 6 Animal Kingdom Part 6 Reptilia Aves and Mammalia

Reptilia

General Characters :

Reptiles represent the first class of vertebrates fully adapted for life on land.The characters of reptiles are a combination of the characters found in fishes and amphibians on one hand and in birds and mammals on the other. The class name refers to the mode of locomotion (L., repere or reptum, to creep or crawl), and the study of reptiles is called Herpetology (Gr., herpeton, reptiles).

  1. Predominantly terrestrial, mostly carnivorous, air–breathing, cold– blooded, oviparous and tetrapodal vertebrates.
  2. Body bilaterally symmetrical and divisible into 4 regions-head, neck, trunk and tail.
  3. Two pairs of pentadactyle limbs, Digits provided with horny claws. However, limbs absent in a few lizards and all snakes.
  4. Exoskeleton of horny epidermal scales, shields, plates and scutes.
  5. Skin dry, cornified and devoid of glands.
  6. Mouth terminal. Jaws bear simple conical teeth. In turtles teeth replaced by horny breaks.
  7. Alimentary canal opens into a cloacal aperture.
  8. Endoskeleton bony. Skull with one occipital condyle (monocondylic). A characteristic T–shaped inter clavicle present.
  9. Heart usually 3–chambered, 4–chambered in crocodiles. Sinus venosus reduced. 2 systemic arches present. Red blood corpuscles oval and nucleated. Cold–blooded.
  10. Respiration by lungs throughout life.
  11. Kidney metanephric. Excretion uricotelic.
  12. Brain with more developed cerebrum than in Amphibia. Cranial nerves 12 pairs.
  13. Lateral line system absent. Jacobson's organs present in the roof of mouth used for smell.
  14. Sexes separate. Male usually with a muscular copulatory organ.
  15. Fertilization internal. Mostly oviparous. Large yolky meroblastic eggs covered with leathery shells, always laid on land. Embryonic

 

membranes (amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois) appear during development. No metamorphosis. Young resemble adults.

 

Classification :

There are more than 7,000 living and several extinct species of reptiles, grou

Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 5 Animal Kingdom Part 5 Chordates General account Pisces and Amphibians

Animal Kingdom Part 5

(Chordates - General account, Pisces and Amphibians)

The phylum chordata has three most important characteristics:

  1. They have a notochord either throughout life or during early embryonic development
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve chord
  3. Paired gill slits on either sides of pharynx at some stage; may or may not be functional

 

 
 

 

 

Body plan of Chordates

Source:http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/chordate.gif

Other important characters are as follows-

  1. Bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented, triploblastic, coelomate animals having a true coelom, enterocoelic or schizocoelic in origin.
  2. A post anal tail usually projects beyond the anus at some stage and may or may not persist in the adult.
  3. A cartilaginous or bony, living and jointed endoskeleton present in majority of members (vertebrates).
  4. Pharyngeal gill slits present at some stage; may or may not be functional.
  5. Digestive system complete with digestive glands.
  6. Blood vascular system closed. Heart ventral with dorsal and ventral blood vessels. Hepatic portal system well developed.

(7) Excretory system consists of proto-or meso- or meta-nephric kidneys.

8. Sexes separate with rare exceptions.

Outline Classification of Phylum Chordata

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom Part 4 Phylum Mollusca Echinodermata and Hemichordata

Animal Kingdom Part 4

(Phylum Mollusca, Echinodermata and Hemichordata)

Phylum Mollusca

The mollusks are soft bodied animals. (L., mollis or molluscum = soft)The body is unsegmented and enclosed within a skin fold (mantle/pallium). The mantle secretes a calcareous shell. They have about 80,000 living and 35,000 extinct species known. Aquatic or terrestrial. Malacology or Conchology is the study of molluscs and their shells.

Body Plan of molluscs:-

  • head: contains sensory organs
  • foot: Muscular organ used for locomotion
  • visceral mass: contains digestive, reproductive, circulatory organs
  • mantle: skin of the dorsal body wall. It secretes the shell (if there is one). The mantle cavity contains gills or lungs

 

 

 
 

 

Source:http://infusion.allconet.org/webquest/PhylumMollusca.html

 

 

General characters:

  1. The molluscs have bilateral symmetry, but snails are asymmetrical
  2. They are triploblastic, coelomate animals. True coelom is reduced

 

and limited to kidney and gonads. The haemocoel is well developed.

  1. They have organ system grade of organization.
  2. The molluscs are provided with one or two calcareous shells. The shells may be external or internal.
  3. Respiration is carried out by the gills or pulmonary chambers.
  4. The digestive system is well developed with a characteristics rasping organ called a radula and a hepatopancreas Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 3 Animal Kingdom Part 3 Phylum Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida and Arthropoda

 

 

Animal Kingdom Part 3

(Phylum Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida and Arthropoda)

Phylum Platyhelminthes

The phylum Platyhelminthes includes flatworms (Gr., platys =flat;

helmins = worms); They have a dorsoventrally flattened body like a leaf. About10,000 species known.

 

General characters

 

  1. They show organ level of body organization.
  2. They are acoelomate animals.The cavity in platyhelminthes is filled with mesenchyme or parenchyma
  3. First time in animal kingdom, triploblastic condition is established having three germ layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

 

  1. First time, bilaterally symmetrical animals.
  2. Some members have segmented body but the segmentation in platyhelminthes is called as pseudometamerism
  3. Some of the parenchyma cells give rise to muscle fibres. The muscle fibres are arranged in circular, longitudinal and vertical layers.

 

  1. The digestive system is incomplete i.e. it does not have anus. Alimentary canal is absent in absent in Cestoda and Acoela. The alimentary canal is branched in Turbellarians.
  2. The respiratory organs are absent. In parasites, respiration is anaerobic
  3. There is no circulatory system

 

  1. The excretory system consists of protonephridia (flame cells)

 

 

  1. The nervous system is formed of longitudinal nerve cords with ganglia. A pair of anterior ganglia form the brain. The longitudinal nerve cords are connected together by transverse connectives.
  2. They are monoecious / hermaphrodites Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 2 Animal Kingdom Part 2 Phylum Porifera and Coelenterata Ctenophora

Animal Kingdom Part 2

(Phylum Porifera, Coelenterata and Ctenophora)

 

Phylum Porifera / Parazoa / Sponges:

The porifera are the lowest multicellular animals (metazoans) without definite true tissues. In other words, they have “cellular level” of body organization. The word “Porifera”means pore bearers (Gr., porus = pore; ferre = to bear); They have                                                           numerous minute pores, called ostia, in their body wall through which a continuous current of outside water is taken into the body. 5,000 species are

known.

General characters:

  1. All porifera are aquatic, sedentary/sessile, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical animals. They are the first multicellular organisms.
  2. The sponge are diploblastic. Ectoderm is composed of pinachocyte and endoderm is composed of choanocyte. Both these layers are called pinachoderm and choandoderm respectively.
  3. The body is perforated by numerous minute pores called ostia.
  4. The ostia open into a large central cavity called spongocoel.
  5. The spongocoel opens to the outside by a large opening called

osculum.

  1. The most characteristic feature of this phylum is the presence of a an inter-communicating system of cavities known as canal system.
  1. They have an endoskeleton of calcareous spicules or silicious spicules or spongin fibres or sometimes none.

 

  1. Excretion and respiration takes place by diffusion through general body surface.
  2. They have a great power of regeneration.
  3. Reproduction takes place bo

    Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 2 Animal Kingdom Part 2 Phylum Porifera and Coelenterata Ctenophora

Animal Kingdom Part 2

(Phylum Porifera, Coelenterata and Ctenophora)

 

Phylum Porifera / Parazoa / Sponges:

The porifera are the lowest multicellular animals (metazoans) without definite true tissues. In other words, they have “cellular level” of body organization. The word “Porifera”means pore bearers (Gr., porus = pore; ferre = to bear); They have                                                           numerous minute pores, called ostia, in their body wall through which a continuous current of outside water is taken into the body. 5,000 species are

known.

General characters:

  1. All porifera are aquatic, sedentary/sessile, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical animals. They are the first multicellular organisms.
  2. The sponge are diploblastic. Ectoderm is composed of pinachocyte and endoderm is composed of choanocyte. Both these layers are called pinachoderm and choandoderm respectively.
  3. The body is perforated by numerous minute pores called ostia.
  4. The ostia open into a large central cavity called spongocoel.
  5. The spongocoel opens to the outside by a large opening called

osculum.

  1. The most characteristic feature of this phylum is the presence of a an inter-communicating system of cavities known as canal system.
  1. They have an endoskeleton of calcareous spicules or silicious spicules or spongin fibres or sometimes none.

 

  1. Excretion and respiration takes place by diffusion through general body surface.
  2. They have a great power of regeneration.
  3. Reproduction takes place bo

    Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 2 Animal Kingdom Part 2 Phylum Porifera and Coelenterata, Ctenophora

Animal Kingdom Part 2

(Phylum Porifera, Coelenterata and Ctenophora)

 

Phylum Porifera / Parazoa / Sponges:

The porifera are the lowest multicellular animals (metazoans) without definite true tissues. In other words, they have “cellular level” of body organization. The word “Porifera”means pore bearers (Gr., porus = pore; ferre = to bear); They have                                                           numerous minute pores, called ostia, in their body wall through which a continuous current of outside water is taken into the body. 5,000 species are

known.

General characters:

  1. All porifera are aquatic, sedentary/sessile, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical animals. They are the first multicellular organisms.
  2. The sponge are diploblastic. Ectoderm is composed of pinachocyte and endoderm is composed of choanocyte. Both these layers are called pinachoderm and choandoderm respectively.
  3. The body is perforated by numerous minute pores called ostia.
  4. The ostia open into a large central cavity called spongocoel.
  5. The spongocoel opens to the outside by a large opening called

osculum.

  1. The most characteristic feature of this phylum is the presence of a an inter-communicating system of cavities known as canal system.
  1. They have an endoskeleton of calcareous spicules or silicious spicules or spongin fibres or sometimes none.

 

  1. Excretion and respiration takes place by diffusion through general body surface.
  2. They have a great power of regeneration.
  3. Reproduction takes place bo

    Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 1 Animal Kingdom Part 1 General Account of Animals and Phylum Protozoa

Animal Kingdom Part 1

(General Account of Animals and Phylum Protozoa)

The Animal Kingdom has been divided into two sub kingdoms:-

  1. Protozoa: It includes unicellular eukaryotic animals with a single Phylum called protozoa. e.g. Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium                   etc.

 

  1. Metazoa : It includes multicellular animals. e.g. Porifera, Coelenterata to Chordata. The Metazoa is further divided into two branches,namely Parazoa and Eumetazoa.

 

Parazoa : It includes Porifera/sponges in which cells are loosely aggregated and do not form true tissues or organs

 

Eumetazoa : It includes truely multicellular organisms with organ and organ system level of organization. e.g. Coelenterata to Chordata.

 

Symmetry:-

Based on symmetry Eumetazoa is further divided into Radiata and Bilateria.

Radiata : It includes radially symmetrical animals. In radial symmetry, the animal can be divided into two identical halves on by any of the radial planes along anterior posterior axis of the body. e.g.

Coelenterata and Ctenophora

 

Bilateria : It includes bilaterally symmetrical animals. In bilateral symmetry, the animal can be divided into two identical halve only by a single plane passing from dorsal side to ventral side and along the anterior posterior body axis. The animal can be divided only into two

 

identical left and right parts. e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordata.

 

 

 

 
  !--> Read More» December 28, 2021

Chapter 1 Animal Kingdom Part 1 (General Account of Animals and Phylum Protozoa)

Animal Kingdom Part 1

(General Account of Animals and Phylum Protozoa)

The Animal Kingdom has been divided into two sub kingdoms:-

  1. Protozoa: It includes unicellular eukaryotic animals with a single Phylum called protozoa. e.g. Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium                   etc.

 

  1. Metazoa : It includes multicellular animals. e.g. Porifera, Coelenterata to Chordata. The Metazoa is further divided into two branches,namely Parazoa and Eumetazoa.

 

Parazoa : It includes Porifera/sponges in which cells are loosely aggregated and do not form true tissues or organs

 

Eumetazoa : It includes truely multicellular organisms with organ and organ system level of organization. e.g. Coelenterata to Chordata.

 

Symmetry:-

Based on symmetry Eumetazoa is further divided into Radiata and Bilateria.

Radiata : It includes radially symmetrical animals. In radial symmetry, the animal can be divided into two identical halves on by any of the radial planes along anterior posterior axis of the body. e.g.

Coelenterata and Ctenophora

 

Bilateria : It includes bilaterally symmetrical animals. In bilateral symmetry, the animal can be divided into two identical halve only by a single plane passing from dorsal side to ventral side and along the anterior posterior body axis. The animal can be divided only into two

 

identical left and right parts. e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordata.

 

 

 

 
  !--> Read More» December 20, 2021

Chapter 22 Plant Growth and Development Part 2 free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 22 Plant Growth and Development Part 2 free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

 

  1. Photoperiodism (Light period): The effects of photoperiods or daily duration of light periods (and dark periods) on the growth and development of plants, especially flowering is called photoperiodism. The role of photoperiodism in the control of flowering was demonstrated for the first time by W.W Garner and H.A.Allard (1920). They observed that Maryland Mammoth variety of tobacco could be made to flower in summer by reducing the light hours with artificial darkning. It could be made to remain vegetative in winter by providing extra light. Later, it was found that most plants would flower only if they were exposed to light for less or more than a certain period, the critical photoperiod, each day. Subsequently, it was observed that in light dark cycle, dark period is crucial in initiating flowring and not the light period as thought earlier. On the basis of length of photoperiod requirements of plants, the plants have been classified into following categories.
    1. Short day plants (SDP): These plants initiate flowering when the day length (Photoperiod) become shorter than a certain critical period. The critical day length differs with different species. The short day plants remain vegetative, if the day length exceeds the critical periods. Most of winter flowering plants belong to this category e.g. cocklebur (Xanthium), Chrysanthemum, sugarcane, tobacco (Mutant Maryland Mammoth), soyabean, strawberry etc.,
    2. Long day plants (LDP): These plants begin flowering when the day length exceeds a critical length. This length too differs from species to species. The long day plants fail to flower, if the day length is shorter than the critical period. Some common examples of long day plants are spinach (Spinacea oleracea), henbane (Hyoscymus niger), radish, sugar-beet, wheat, lattuce, poppy, larkspur, maize etc.
    3. Day neutral plants: These plants can flower in all possible photoperiods. The day neutral plants can blossom thorughout the year. Some common examples of this category of p

      Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 21 Plant Growth and Development Part 1 free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 21 Plant Growth and Development Part 1 

 

 Growth.                                                                                                                                                               

Growth in plants, as in any organism, consists of an irreversible increase in size, which is commonly accompanied by increase in solid or dry weight and in the amount of protoplasm growth is essential character of life. In growth anabolic processes dominate over the catabolic processes and therefore growth is the final product of successful metabolism.

A correct definition of growth is difficult. In common parlance, the ‘growth’ may be applied to several things and situations. However, growth can be defined as a vital process which brings about permanent change in any plant or its part with respect to its size, form, weight and volume. Whole series of changes during life span of a plant or organism is termed as development. Growth is generally a quantitative matter and is concerned with increasing amount of organism. Development, on the other hand, is qualitative change referring to the changes in nature of growth made by the organism. Growth is measurable whereas the development is most commonly assessed by qualitative observation. During growth and development, there is formation of proteins and carbohydrates, thus increasing the protoplasm formation.

  1. Regions of growth : In unicellular plants there is overall growth and not confined to any specific region but in multicellular plants growth is restricted to specific regions having meristematic cells. On the basis of their position in the plant body (higher plants) meristematic cells. On the basis of their position in the plant body (higher plants) meristems are divided into three main categories.

(i) Apical meristems,   (ii) Interca

Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 20 Respiration in Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 20 Respiration in Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

 

  Introduction.                                                                                                                                                          

All organisms require continuous input of energy to carry on life process. These energy comes from cellular activities. All the cellular activities can be grouped into two categories : anabolism (biosynthetic activities of the cell) and catabolism (breaking- up process of the cell). The anabolic activities are endergonic (utilizes energy in cellular activities), while the catabolic activities are usually exergonic (energy releasing process by oxidation of food material). The sum of total catabolic and anabolic reactions occurring at any time in a cell is called metabolism.

Respiration is a vital process, includes the intake of oxygen. Chemically it is catabolic and brings about the oxidation and decomposition of organic compounds like carbohydrate, fat, protein in the cells of plants and animals with the release of energy. Oxidation of organic compounds by respiration, resulting in the release of chemical energies water and carbon dioxide. The overall process may be states according to the following general equation:

 

C6 H12O6 + 6CO2  ¾¾enz¾ym¾es ®


Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 19 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 19 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

 

 

  Introduction.                                                                                                                                                           

All living organisms require continuous use of energy to carry out their different activities. This energy directly or indirectly comes from sun.

Photosynthesis is the only process on earth by which solar energy is trapped by autotrophic organisms and converted into food for the rest of organisms.

In photosynthesis process, 'energy rich compounds like carbohydrates are synthesized from simple inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight with liberation of oxygen'. The process of photosynthesis can also be defined as "transformation of photonic energy (i.e. light or radiant energy) into chemical energy".

Earlier, photosynthesis was considered to be reverse of respiration, i.e.,

6CO2  + 6H 2 O ¾¾Lig¾ht ® C6 H12 O6  + 6O2

Chlorophyll

 

Above reaction gives an idea that O2 comes from CO2.

Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 18 Mineral Nutrition free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 18 Mineral Nutrition free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

 

  Introduction.                                                                                                                                                           

Organism require many organic and inorganic substances to complete their life cycle. All such substances which they take from outside constitute their nutrition. On the basis of their nutritional requirements, organisms can be classified into autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs are those organisms which manufacture their organic food by themselves and require only inorganic substance from outside. Thus the nutrition of plants is only inorganic. All green plants (except for some saprophytes and parasites) and photosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs. The heterotrophs, on the other hand, require both organic and inorganic substances from outside. All non-green plants and animals, including human beings, are heterotrophs.

Autotrophic green plants obtain their nutrition from inorganic substances which are present in soil in the form of minerals, which are known as mineral elements or mineral nutrients and this nutrition is called mineral nutrition.

 Essential mineral elements.                                                                                                           &nb

Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 17 Transport in Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 17 Transport in Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

 

Introduction.                                                                                                                                                           

Plant physiology (Physis = nature of life; logas = study) is the branch of botany which deals with the study of life activities of plants. It include the functional aspects of its processes both at cellular as well as sub-cellular level.

Life process or physiological process may be defined, as any chemical or physiological change occuring within a cell and organism and any exchange of substances between the cell or organism and its environment.

According to the definition of physiological process, imbibition, osmosis, diffusion, plasmolysis, water potential, water conduction, ascent of sap, transpiration, solute absorption and translocation, transport of radiant energy, photomorphogenetic responses, etc. are considered as physiological processes.

 Concept of water relation.                                                                                                                                  

Wa

Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 16 Anatomy of Flowering Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Chapter 16 Anatomy of Flowering Plants free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

Introduction.                                                                                                                                                          

The higher plants have highly complex bodies made up of different types of cells. All cells are of same origin but afterwards they gets differentiated into different types of cells. Cells of similar shape and size constitute a group which perform diverse functions. A group of cells performing a particular function is collectively called as tissue. A tissue may be defined as, “a group of similar or dissimilar cells having common origin and performing a specific functions.”

Tissues are mainly divided into three categories :

  1. Meristematic tissues or Meristems
  2. Permanent tissue
  3. Secretory tissue

 Meristematic tissues or Meristems.                                                                                                                 

The word “Meristem” originated from “Meristos” (Greek = continuous division) a

Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 15 Morphology of Flowering Plants Part 2

Chapter 15 Morphology of Flowering Plants Part 2

 

 

 

 Liliaceae.                                                                                                                                                                 

Systematic position

Division         :        Angiospermae

Class               :        Monocotyledonae

Series             :        Coronarieae

Order             :        Liliales

Family            :        Liliaceae

Habit : Usually perennial herbs growing by means of rhizomes (e.g., Aloe, Polygonatum), bulbs (e.g., Lilium, Allium) and corms (e.g., Colchicum). Some herbs are annual (e.g., Asphodelus). Shrubs occur in Aloe, Agave, Yucca (Dagger plants, Adam’s Needle), Dracaena (Dragon plant), and Ruscus (Butcher’s Broom)

Read More» November 22, 2021

Chapter 14 Morphology of Flowering Plants Part 1

Chapter 14 Morphology of Flowering Plants Part 1

 

 

 

  Introduction.                                                                                                                                                           

Angiospermic or flowering plants show a great variety of shape, size and form. The size ranges from the minute Wolffia and Lamna (0.1cm) to the tall Eucalyptus (up to 100 metre) and large sized Banyan (Ficus bengalensis). In habit, they range from herbs and shrubs to trees.

Morphology (Gr. Morphos = Form; logos = Study) is the branch of science which deals with the study of form and structure. In botany, it generally means the study of external features, forms and relative positions of different organs on plants.

It is virtually impossible to recognise and know all the flowering plants even for a professional taxonomist.

 

However, a student of botany takes the help of morphology for recognition, identification and classification of plants. Some distinct morphological features are most significant in the study of phytogeography, phylogeny and evolution.

Parts of a flowering plant : Flowering plants consist of a long cylindrical axis which is differentiated into underground root system and an aerial shoot system. The root system consists of root and

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Chapter 13 Plant Kingdom Part 4 free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

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